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Prisma schema reference

datasource​

Defines a data source in the Prisma schema.

Fields​

A datasource block accepts the following fields:

NameRequiredTypeDescription
providerYesString (postgresql, mysql, sqlite, sqlserver, mongodb, cockroachdb)Describes which data source connectors to use.
urlYesString (URL)Connection URL including authentication info. Most connectors use the syntax provided by the database.
shadowDatabaseUrlNoString (URL)Connection URL to the shadow database used by Prisma Migrate. Allows you to use a cloud-hosted database as the shadow database.
directUrlNoString (URL)Connection URL for direct connection to the database.

If you use a connection pooler URL in the url argument (for example, if you use Prisma Accelerate or pgBouncer), Prisma CLI commands that require a direct connection to the database use the URL in the directUrl argument.

The directUrl property is supported by Prisma Studio from version 5.1.0 upwards.

The directUrl property is not needed when using Prisma Postgres database.
relationModeNoString (foreignKeys, prisma)Sets whether referential integrity is enforced by foreign keys in the database or emulated in the Prisma Client.

In preview in versions 3.1.1 and later. The field is named relationMode in versions 4.5.0 and later, and was previously named referentialIntegrity.
extensionsNoList of strings (PostgreSQL extension names)Allows you to represent PostgreSQL extensions in your schema. Available in preview for PostgreSQL only in Prisma ORM versions 4.5.0 and later.

The following providers are available:

Remarks​

  • You can only have one datasource block in a schema.
  • datasource db is convention - however, you can give your data source any name - for example, datasource mysql or datasource data.

Examples​

Specify a PostgreSQL data source​

In this example, the target database is available with the following credentials:

  • User: johndoe
  • Password: mypassword
  • Host: localhost
  • Port: 5432
  • Database name: mydb
  • Schema name: public
datasource db {
  provider = "postgresql"
  url      = "postgresql://johndoe:mypassword@localhost:5432/mydb?schema=public"
}

Learn more about PostgreSQL connection strings here.

Specify a PostgreSQL data source via an environment variable​

In this example, the target database is available with the following credentials:

  • User: johndoe
  • Password: mypassword
  • Host: localhost
  • Port: 5432
  • Database name: mydb
  • Schema name: public
datasource db {
  provider = "postgresql"
  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
}

When running a Prisma CLI command that needs the database connection URL (e.g. prisma generate), you need to make sure that the DATABASE_URL environment variable is set.

One way to do so is by creating a .env file with the following contents. Note that the file must be in the same directory as your schema.prisma file to automatically picked up the Prisma CLI.

DATABASE_URL=postgresql://johndoe:mypassword@localhost:5432/mydb?schema=public

Specify a MySQL data source​

In this example, the target database is available with the following credentials:

  • User: johndoe
  • Password: mypassword
  • Host: localhost
  • Port: 3306
  • Database name: mydb
datasource db {
  provider = "mysql"
  url      = "mysql://johndoe:mypassword@localhost:3306/mydb"
}

Learn more about MySQL connection strings here.

Specify a MongoDB data source​

  • User: root
  • Password: password
  • Host: cluster1.test1.mongodb.net
  • Port: N/A
  • Database name: testing
datasource db {
  provider = "mongodb"
  url      = "mongodb+srv://root:password@cluster1.test1.mongodb.net/testing?retryWrites=true&w=majority"
}

Learn more about MongoDB connection strings here.

Specify a SQLite data source​

In this example, the target database is located in a file called dev.db:

datasource db {
  provider = "sqlite"
  url      = "file:./dev.db"
}

Learn more about SQLite connection strings here.

Specify a CockroachDB data source​

In this example, the target database is available with the following credentials:

  • User: johndoe
  • Password: mypassword
  • Host: localhost
  • Port: 26257
  • Database name: mydb
  • Schema name: public
datasource db {
  provider = "cockroachdb"
  url      = "postgresql://johndoe:mypassword@localhost:26257/mydb?schema=public"
}

The format for connection strings is the same as for PostgreSQL. Learn more about PostgreSQL connection strings here.

generator​

Defines a generator in the Prisma schema.

Fields for prisma-client-js provider​

This is the default generator for Prisma ORM 6.x and earlier versions. Learn more about generators.

A generator block accepts the following fields:

NameRequiredTypeDescription
providerYesprisma-client-jsDescribes which generator to use. This can point to a file that implements a generator or specify a built-in generator directly.
outputNoString (file path)Determines the location for the generated client, learn more. Default: node_modules/.prisma/client
previewFeaturesNoList of EnumsUse intellisense to see list of currently available Preview features (Ctrl+Space in Visual Studio Code) Default: none
engineTypeNoEnum (library or binary)Defines the query engine type to download and use. Default: library
binaryTargetsNoList of Enums (see below)Specify the OS on which the Prisma Client will run to ensure compatibility of the query engine. Default: native
moduleFormatNoEnum (cjs or esm)Defines the module format of the generated Prisma Client. This field is available only with prisma-client generator.
important

We recommend defining a custom output path, adding the path to .gitignore, and then making sure to run prisma generate via a custom build script or postinstall hook.

Fields for prisma-client provider​

The ESM-first client generator that offers greater control and flexibility across different JavaScript environments. It generates plain TypeScript code into a custom directory, providing full visibility over the generated code. Learn more about the new prisma-client generator.

note

The prisma-client generator will be the default generator in Prisma ORM 7.0 and we recommend migrating to it as soon as possible. It has been Generally Available since v6.16.0.

A generator block accepts the following fields:

NameRequiredTypeDescription
providerYesprisma-clientDescribes which generator to use. This can point to a file that implements a generator or specify a built-in generator directly.
outputYesString (file path)Determines the location for the generated client, learn more.
previewFeaturesNoList of EnumsUse intellisense to see list of currently available Preview features (Ctrl+Space in Visual Studio Code) Default: none
runtimeNoEnum (nodejs, deno, bun, workerd (alias cloudflare), vercel-edge (alias edge-light), react-native)Target runtime environment. Default: nodejs
moduleFormatNoEnum (esm or cjs)Determines whether the generated code supports ESM (uses import) or CommonJS (uses require(...)) modules. We always recommend esm unless you have a good reason to use cjs. Default: Inferred from environment.
generatedFileExtensionNoEnum (ts or mts or cts)File extension for generated TypeScript files. Default: ts
importFileExtensionNoEnum (ts,mts,cts,js,mjs,cjs, empty (for bare imports))File extension used in import statements Default: Inferred from environment.

binaryTargets options​

The following tables list all supported operating systems with the name of platform to specify in binaryTargets.

Unless specified otherwise, the default supported CPU architecture is x86_64.

macOS​
Build OSPrisma engine build name
macOS Intel x86_64darwin
macOS ARM64darwin-arm64
Windows​
Build OSPrisma engine build name
Windowswindows
Linux (Alpine on x86_64 architectures)​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
Alpine (3.17 and newer)linux-musl-openssl-3.0.x*3.0.x
Alpine (3.16 and older)linux-musl1.1.x

* Available in Prisma ORM versions 4.8.0 and later.

Linux (Alpine on ARM64 architectures)​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
Alpine (3.17 and newer)linux-musl-arm64-openssl-3.0.x*3.0.x
Alpine (3.16 and older)linux-musl-arm64-openssl-1.1.x*1.1.x

* Available in Prisma ORM versions 4.10.0 and later.

Linux (Debian), x86_64​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
Debian 8 (Jessie)debian-openssl-1.0.x1.0.x
Debian 9 (Stretch)debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Debian 10 (Buster)debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Debian 11 (Bullseye)debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Debian 12 (Bookworm)debian-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x
Linux (Ubuntu), x86_64​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
Ubuntu 14.04 (trusty)debian-openssl-1.0.x1.0.x
Ubuntu 16.04 (xenial)debian-openssl-1.0.x1.0.x
Ubuntu 18.04 (bionic)debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Ubuntu 19.04 (disco)debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Ubuntu 20.04 (focal)debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Ubuntu 21.04 (hirsute)debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Ubuntu 22.04 (jammy)debian-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x
Ubuntu 23.04 (lunar)debian-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x
Linux (CentOS), x86_64​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
CentOS 7rhel-openssl-1.0.x1.0.x
CentOS 8rhel-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Linux (Fedora), x86_64​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
Fedora 28rhel-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Fedora 29rhel-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Fedora 30rhel-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Fedora 36rhel-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x
Fedora 37rhel-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x
Fedora 38rhel-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x
Linux (Linux Mint), x86_64​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
Linux Mint 18debian-openssl-1.0.x1.0.x
Linux Mint 19debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Linux Mint 20debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Linux Mint 21debian-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x
Linux (Arch Linux), x86_64​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
Arch Linux 2019.09.01debian-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Arch Linux 2023.04.23debian-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x
Linux ARM64 (all major distros but Alpine)​
Build OSPrisma engine build nameOpenSSL
Linux ARM64 glibc-based distrolinux-arm64-openssl-1.0.x1.0.x
Linux ARM64 glibc-based distrolinux-arm64-openssl-1.1.x1.1.x
Linux ARM64 glibc-based distrolinux-arm64-openssl-3.0.x3.0.x

Examples​

Specify the prisma-client-js generator with the default output, previewFeatures, engineType and binaryTargets​

generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client-js"
}

Note that the above generator definition is equivalent to the following because it uses the default values for output, engineType and binaryTargets (and implicitly previewFeatures):

generator client {
  provider      = "prisma-client-js"
  output        = "node_modules/.prisma/client"
  engineType    = "library"
  binaryTargets = ["native"]
}

Specify a custom output location for Prisma Client​

This example shows how to define a custom output location of the generated asset to override the default one.

generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client-js"
  output   = "../src/generated/client"
}

Specify custom binaryTargets to ensure compatibility with the OS​

This example shows how to configure Prisma Client to run on Ubuntu 19.04 (disco) based on the table above.

generator client {
  provider      = "prisma-client-js"
  binaryTargets = ["debian-openssl-1.1.x"]
}

Specify a provider pointing to some custom generator implementation​

This example shows how to use a custom generator that's located in a directory called my-generator.

generator client {
  provider = "./my-generator"
}

model​

Defines a Prisma model .

Remarks​

  • Every record of a model must be uniquely identifiable. You must define at least one of the following attributes per model:

Naming conventions​

  • Model names must adhere to the following regular expression: [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*
  • Model names must start with a letter and are typically spelled in PascalCase
  • Model names should use the singular form (for example, User instead of user, users or Users)
  • Prisma ORM has a number of reserved words that are being used by Prisma ORM internally and therefore cannot be used as a model name. You can find the reserved words here and here.

Note: You can use the @@map attribute to map a model (for example, User) to a table with a different name that does not match model naming conventions (for example, users).

Order of fields​

  • In version 2.3.0 and later, introspection lists model fields in the same order as the corresponding columns in the database. Relation fields are listed after scalar fields.

Examples​

A model named User with two scalar fields​

model User {
  email String  @unique // `email` can not be optional because it's the only unique field on the model
  name  String?
}

model fields​

Fields are properties of models.

Remarks​

Naming conventions​

  • Must start with a letter
  • Typically spelled in camelCase
  • Must adhere to the following regular expression: [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*

Note: You can use the @map attribute to map a field name to a column with a different name that does not match field naming conventions: e.g. myField @map("my_field").

model field scalar types​

The data source connector determines what native database type each of Prisma ORM scalar type maps to. Similarly, the generator determines what type in the target programming language each of these types map to.

Prisma models also have model field types that define relations between models.

String​

Variable length text.

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLtext
SQL Servernvarchar(1000)
MySQLvarchar(191)
MongoDBString
SQLiteTEXT
CockroachDBSTRING

PostgreSQL​

Native database typeNative database type attributeNotes
text@db.Text
char(x)@db.Char(x)
varchar(x)@db.VarChar(x)
bit(x)@db.Bit(x)
varbit@db.VarBit
uuid@db.Uuid
xml@db.Xml
inet@db.Inet
citext@db.CitextOnly available if Citext extension is enabled.

MySQL​

Native database typeNative database type attribute
VARCHAR(x)@db.VarChar(x)
TEXT@db.Text
CHAR(x)@db.Char(x)
TINYTEXT@db.TinyText
MEDIUMTEXT@db.MediumText
LONGTEXT@db.LongText

You can use Prisma Migrate to map @db.Bit(1) to String:

model Model {
  /* ... */
  myField String @db.Bit(1)
}

MongoDB​

String

Native database type attributeNotes
@db.String
@db.ObjectIdRequired if the underlying BSON type is OBJECT_ID (ID fields, relation scalars)

Microsoft SQL Server​

Native database typeNative database type attribute
char(x)@db.Char(x)
nchar(x)@db.NChar(x)
varchar(x)@db.VarChar(x)
nvarchar(x)@db.NVarChar(x)
text@db.Text
ntext@db.NText
xml@db.Xml
uniqueidentifier@db.UniqueIdentifier

SQLite​

TEXT

CockroachDB​

Native database typeNative database type attributeNotes
STRING(x) | TEXT(x) | VARCHAR(x)@db.String(x)
CHAR(x)@db.Char(x)
"char"@db.CatalogSingleChar
BIT(x)@db.Bit(x)
VARBIT@db.VarBit
UUID@db.Uuid
INET@db.Inet

Note that the xml and citext types supported in PostgreSQL are not currently supported in CockroachDB.

Clients​

Prisma Client JS
string

Boolean​

True or false value.

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLboolean
SQL Serverbit
MySQLTINYINT(1)
MongoDBBool
SQLiteINTEGER
CockroachDBBOOL

PostgreSQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
boolean@db.Boolean

MySQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
TINYINT(1)@db.TinyInt(1)TINYINT maps to Int if the max length is greater than 1 (for example, TINYINT(2)) or the default value is anything other than 1, 0, or NULL
BIT(1)@db.Bit

MongoDB​

Bool

Microsoft SQL Server​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
bit@db.Bit

SQLite​

INTEGER

CockroachDB​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
BOOL@db.Bool

Clients​

Prisma Client JS
boolean

Int​

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLinteger
SQL Serverint
MySQLINT
MongoDBInt
SQLiteINTEGER
CockroachDBINT

PostgreSQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
integer | int, int4@db.Integer
smallint | int2@db.SmallInt
smallserial | serial2@db.SmallInt @default(autoincrement())
serial | serial4@db.Int @default(autoincrement())
oid@db.Oid

MySQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
INT@db.Int
INT UNSIGNED@db.UnsignedInt
SMALLINT@db.SmallInt
SMALLINT UNSIGNED@db.UnsignedSmallInt
MEDIUMINT@db.MediumInt
MEDIUMINT UNSIGNED@db.UnsignedMediumInt
TINYINT@db.TinyIntTINYINT maps to Int if the max length is greater than 1 (for example, TINYINT(2)) or the default value is anything other than 1, 0, or NULL. TINYINT(1) maps to Boolean.
TINYINT UNSIGNED@db.UnsignedTinyIntTINYINT(1) UNSIGNED maps to Int, not Boolean
YEAR@db.Year

MongoDB​

Int

Native database type attributeNotes
@db.Int
@db.Long

Microsoft SQL Server​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
int@db.Int
smallint@db.SmallInt
tinyint@db.TinyInt
bit@db.Bit

SQLite​

INTEGER

CockroachDB​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
INTEGER | INT | INT8@db.Int8Note that this differs from PostgreSQL, where integer and int are aliases for int4 and map to @db.Integer
INT4@db.Int4
INT2 | SMALLINT@db.Int2
SMALLSERIAL | SERIAL2@db.Int2 @default(autoincrement())
SERIAL | SERIAL4@db.Int4 @default(autoincrement())
SERIAL8 | BIGSERIAL@db.Int8 @default(autoincrement())

Clients​

Prisma Client JS
number

BigInt​

BigInt is available in version 2.17.0 and later.

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLbigint
SQL Serverint
MySQLBIGINT
MongoDBLong
SQLiteINTEGER
CockroachDBINTEGER

PostgreSQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
bigint | int8@db.BigInt
bigserial | serial8@db.BigInt @default(autoincrement())

MySQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
BIGINT@db.BigInt
SERIAL@db.UnsignedBigInt @default(autoincrement())

MongoDB​

Long

Microsoft SQL Server​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
bigint@db.BigInt

SQLite​

INTEGER

CockroachDB​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
BIGINT | INT | INT8@db.Int8Note that this differs from PostgreSQL, where int is an alias for int4
bigserial | serial8@db.Int8 @default(autoincrement())

Clients​

ClientTypeDescription
Prisma Client JSBigIntSee examples of working with BigInt

Float​

Floating point number.

Float maps to Double in 2.17.0 and later - see release notes and Video: Changes to the default mapping of Float in Prisma ORM 2.17.0 for more information about this change.

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLdouble precision
SQL Serverfloat(53)
MySQLDOUBLE
MongoDBDouble
SQLiteREAL
CockroachDBDOUBLE PRECISION

PostgreSQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
double precision@db.DoublePrecision
real@db.Real

MySQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
FLOAT@db.Float
DOUBLE@db.Double

MongoDB​

Double

Microsoft SQL Server​

Native database typesNative database type attribute
float@db.Float
money@db.Money
smallmoney@db.SmallMoney
real@db.Real

SQLite connector​

REAL

CockroachDB​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
DOUBLE PRECISION | FLOAT8@db.Float8
REAL | FLOAT4 | FLOAT@db.Float4

Clients​

Prisma Client JS
number

Decimal​

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLdecimal(65,30)
SQL Serverdecimal(32,16)
MySQLDECIMAL(65,30)
MongoDBNot supported
SQLiteDECIMAL
CockroachDBDECIMAL

PostgreSQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
decimal | numeric@db.Decimal(p, s)†
money@db.Money
  • † p (precision), the maximum total number of decimal digits to be stored. s (scale), the number of decimal digits that are stored to the right of the decimal point.

MySQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
DECIMAL | NUMERIC@db.Decimal(p, s)†
  • † p (precision), the maximum total number of decimal digits to be stored. s (scale), the number of decimal digits that are stored to the right of the decimal point.

MongoDB​

Not supported.

Microsoft SQL Server​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
decimal | numeric@db.Decimal(p, s)†
  • † p (precision), the maximum total number of decimal digits to be stored. s (scale), the number of decimal digits that are stored to the right of the decimal point.

SQLite​

DECIMAL (changed from REAL in 2.17.0)

CockroachDB​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
DECIMAL | DEC | NUMERIC@db.Decimal(p, s)†
moneyNot yetPostgreSQL's money type is not yet supported by CockroachDB
  • † p (precision), the maximum total number of decimal digits to be stored. s (scale), the number of decimal digits that are stored to the right of the decimal point.

Clients​

ClientTypeDescription
Prisma Client JSDecimalSee examples of working with Decimal

DateTime​

Remarks​

  • Prisma Client returns all DateTime as native Date objects.
  • Currently, Prisma ORM does not support zero dates (0000-00-00 00:00:00, 0000-00-00, 00:00:00) in MySQL.
  • There currently is a bug that doesn't allow you to pass in DateTime values as strings and produces a runtime error when you do. DateTime values need to be passed as Date objects (i.e. new Date('2024-12-04') instead of '2024-12-04').

You can find more info and examples in this section: Working with DateTime.

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLtimestamp(3)
SQL Serverdatetime2
MySQLDATETIME(3)
MongoDBTimestamp
SQLiteNUMERIC
CockroachDBTIMESTAMP

PostgreSQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
timestamp(x)@db.Timestamp(x)
timestamptz(x)@db.Timestamptz(x)
date@db.Date
time(x)@db.Time(x)
timetz(x)@db.Timetz(x)

MySQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
DATETIME(x)@db.DateTime(x)
DATE(x)@db.Date(x)
TIME(x)@db.Time(x)
TIMESTAMP(x)@db.Timestamp(x)

You can also use MySQL's YEAR type with Int:

yearField     Int    @db.Year

MongoDB​

Timestamp

Microsoft SQL Server​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
date@db.Date
time@db.Time
datetime@db.DateTime
datetime2@db.DateTime2
smalldatetime@db.SmallDateTime
datetimeoffset@db.DateTimeOffset

SQLite​

NUMERIC or STRING. If the underlying data type is STRING, you must use one of the following formats:

  • RFC 3339 (1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00)
  • RFC 2822 (Tue, 1 Jul 2003 10:52:37 +0200)

CockroachDB​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
TIMESTAMP(x)@db.Timestamp(x)
TIMESTAMPTZ(x)@db.Timestamptz(x)
DATE@db.Date
TIME(x)@db.Time(x)
TIMETZ(x)@db.Timetz(x)

Clients​

Prisma Client JS
Date

Json​

A JSON object.

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLjsonb
SQL ServerNot supported
MySQLJSON
MongoDBA valid BSON object (Relaxed mode)
SQLiteJSONB
CockroachDBJSONB

PostgreSQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
json@db.Json
jsonb@db.JsonB

MySQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
JSON@db.Json

MongoDB​

A valid BSON object (Relaxed mode)

Microsoft SQL Server​

Microsoft SQL Server does not have a specific data type for JSON. However, there are a number of built-in functions for reading and modifying JSON.

SQLite​

Not supported

CockroachDB​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
JSON | JSONB@db.JsonB

Clients​

Prisma Client JS
object

Bytes​

Bytes is available in version 2.17.0 and later.

Default type mappings​

ConnectorDefault mapping
PostgreSQLbytea
SQL Servervarbinary
MySQLLONGBLOB
MongoDBBinData
SQLiteBLOB
CockroachDBBYTES

PostgreSQL​

Native database typesNative database type attribute
bytea@db.ByteA

MySQL​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
LONGBLOB@db.LongBlob
BINARY@db.Binary
VARBINARY@db.VarBinary
TINYBLOB@db.TinyBlob
BLOB@db.Blob
MEDIUMBLOB@db.MediumBlob
BIT@db.Bit

MongoDB​

BinData

Native database type attributeNotes
@db.ObjectIdRequired if the underlying BSON type is OBJECT_ID (ID fields, relation scalars)
@db.BinData

Microsoft SQL Server​

Native database typesNative database type attributeNotes
binary@db.Binary
varbinary@db.VarBinary
image@db.Image

SQLite​

BLOB

CockroachDB​

Native database typesNative database type attribute
BYTES | BYTEA | BLOB@db.Bytes

Clients​

ClientTypeDescription
Prisma Client JSUint8ArraySee examples of working with Bytes
Prisma Client JS (before v6)BufferSee examples of working with Bytes

Unsupported​

warning

Not supported by MongoDB
The MongoDB connector does not support the Unsupported type.

The Unsupported type was introduced in 2.17.0 and allows you to represent data types in the Prisma schema that are not supported by Prisma Client. Fields of type Unsupported can be created during Introspection with prisma db pull or written by hand, and created in the database with Prisma Migrate or db push.

Remarks​

  • Fields with Unsupported types are not available in the generated client.

  • If a model contains a required Unsupported type, prisma.model.create(..), prisma.model.update(...) and prisma.model.upsert(...) are not available in Prisma Client.

  • When you introspect a database that contains unsupported types, Prisma ORM will provide the following warning:

    *** WARNING ***

    These fields are not supported by Prisma Client, because Prisma does not currently support their types.
    * Model "Post", field: "circle", original data type: "circle"

Examples​

model Star {
  id       Int                    @id @default(autoincrement())
  position Unsupported("circle")?
  example1 Unsupported("circle")
  circle   Unsupported("circle")? @default(dbgenerated("'<(10,4),11>'::circle"))
}

model field type modifiers​

[] modifier​

Makes a field a list.

Remarks​

  • Cannot be optional (for example Post[]?).
Relational databases​
  • Scalar lists (arrays) are only supported in the data model if your database natively supports them. Currently, scalar lists are therefore only supported when using PostgreSQL or CockroachDB (since MySQL and SQLite don't natively support scalar lists).
MongoDB​
  • Scalar lists are supported

Examples​

Define a scalar list​
model User {
  id             Int      @id @default(autoincrement())
  favoriteColors String[]
}
Define a scalar list with a default value​

Available in version 4.0.0 and later.

model User {
  id             Int      @id @default(autoincrement())
  favoriteColors String[] @default(["red", "blue", "green"])
}

? modifier​

Makes a field optional.

Remarks​

  • Cannot be used with a list field (for example, Posts[])

Examples​

Optional name field​
model User {
  id   Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  name String?
}

Attributes​

Attributes modify the behavior of a field or block (e.g. models). There are two ways to add attributes to your data model:

  • Field attributes are prefixed with @
  • Block attributes are prefixed with @@

Some attributes take arguments. Arguments in attributes are always named, but in most cases the argument name can be omitted.

Note: The leading underscore in a signature means the argument name can be omitted.

@id​

Defines a single-field ID on the model.

Remarks​

General​
  • Cannot be defined on a relation field
  • Cannot be optional
Relational databases​
MongoDB​

  • Corresponding database construct: Any valid BSON type, except arrays

  • Every model must define an @id field

  • The underlying ID field name is always _id, and must be mapped with @map("_id")

  • Can be defined on any scalar field (String, Int, enum) unless you want to use ObjectId in your database

  • To use an ObjectId as your ID, you must:

    • Use the String or Bytes field type

    • Annotate your field with @db.ObjectId:

      id   String  @db.ObjectId  @map("_id")

    • Optionally, annotate your field with a @default attribute that uses the auto() function to auto-generate an ObjectId

      id   String  @db.ObjectId  @map("_id") @default(auto())

  • cuid(), uuid() and ulid() are supported but do not generate a valid ObjectId - use auto() instead for @id

  • autoincrement() is not supported

Arguments​

NameRequiredTypeDescription
mapNoStringThe name of the underlying primary key constraint in the database.

Not supported for MySQL or MongoDB.
lengthNonumberAllows you to specify a maximum length for the subpart of the value to be indexed.

MySQL only. In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
sortNoStringAllows you to specify in what order the entries of the ID are stored in the database. The available options are Asc and Desc.

SQL Server only. In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
clusteredNoBooleanDefines whether the ID is clustered or non-clustered. Defaults to true.

SQL Server only. In preview in versions 3.13.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.

Signature​

@id(map: String?, length: number?, sort: String?, clustered: Boolean?)

Note: Before version 4.0.0, or 3.5.0 with the extendedIndexes Preview feature enabled, the signature was:

@id(map: String?)

Note: Before version 3.0.0, the signature was:

@id

Examples​

In most cases, you want your database to create the ID. To do this, annotate the ID field with the @default attribute and initialize the field with a function.

Generate autoincrementing integers as IDs (Relational databases only)​
model User {
  id   Int    @id @default(autoincrement())
  name String
}
Generate ObjectId as IDs (MongoDB only)​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(auto()) @map("_id") @db.ObjectId
  name String
}
Generate cuid() values as IDs​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(cuid())
  name String
}
Generate uuid() values as IDs​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(uuid())
  name String
}
Generate ulid() values as IDs​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(ulid())
  name String
}
Single-field IDs without default values​

In the following example, id does not have a default value:

model User {
  id   String @id
  name String
}

Note that in the above case, you must provide your own ID values when creating new records for the User model using Prisma Client, e.g.:

const newUser = await prisma.user.create({
  data: {
    id: 1,
    name: "Alice",
  },
});
Specify an ID on relation scalar field without a default value​

In the following example, authorId is a both a relation scalar and the ID of Profile:

model Profile {
  authorId Int    @id
  author   User   @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
  bio      String
}

model User {
  id      Int      @id
  email   String   @unique
  name    String?
  profile Profile?
}

In this scenario, you cannot create a Profile only - you must use Prisma Client's nested writes create a User or connect the profile to an existing user.

The following example creates a user and a profile:

const userWithProfile = await prisma.user.create({
  data: {
    id: 3,
    email: "bob@prisma.io",
    name: "Bob Prismo",
    profile: {
      create: {
        bio: "Hello, I'm Bob Prismo and I love apples, blue nail varnish, and the sound of buzzing mosquitoes.",
      },
    },
  },
});

The following example connects a new profile to a user:

const profileWithUser = await prisma.profile.create({
  data: {
    bio: "Hello, I'm Bob and I like nothing at all. Just nothing.",
    author: {
      connect: {
        id: 22,
      },
    },
  },
});

@@id​

warning

Not supported by MongoDB
The MongoDB connector does not support composite IDs.

Defines a multi-field ID (composite ID) on the model.

Remarks​

  • Corresponding database type: PRIMARY KEY
  • Can be annotated with a @default attribute that uses functions to auto-generate an ID
  • Cannot be optional
  • Can be defined on any scalar field (String, Int, enum)
  • Cannot be defined on a relation field
  • The name of the composite ID field in Prisma Client has the following pattern: field1_field2_field3

Arguments​

NameRequiredTypeDescription
fieldsYesFieldReference[]A list of field names - for example, ["firstname", "lastname"]
nameNoStringThe name that Prisma Client will expose for the argument covering all fields, e.g. fullName in fullName: { firstName: "First", lastName: "Last"}
mapNoStringThe name of the underlying primary key constraint in the database.

Not supported for MySQL.
lengthNonumberAllows you to specify a maximum length for the subpart of the value to be indexed.

MySQL only. In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
sortNoStringAllows you to specify in what order the entries of the ID are stored in the database. The available options are Asc and Desc.

SQL Server only. In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
clusteredNoBooleanDefines whether the ID is clustered or non-clustered. Defaults to true.

SQL Server only. In preview in versions 3.13.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.

The name of the fields argument on the @@id attribute can be omitted:

@@id(fields: [title, author])
@@id([title, author])

Signature​

@@id(_ fields: FieldReference[], name: String?, map: String?)

Note: Until version 3.0.0, the signature was:

@@id(_ fields: FieldReference[])

Examples​

Specify a multi-field ID on two String fields (Relational databases only)​
model User {
  firstName String
  lastName  String
  email     String  @unique
  isAdmin   Boolean @default(false)

  @@id([firstName, lastName])
}

When you create a user, you must provide a unique combination of firstName and lastName:

const user = await prisma.user.create({
  data: {
    firstName: "Alice",
    lastName: "Smith",
  },
});

To retrieve a user, use the generated composite ID field (firstName_lastName):

const user = await prisma.user.findUnique({
  where: {
    firstName_lastName: {
      firstName: "Alice",
      lastName: "Smith",
    },
  },
});
Specify a multi-field ID on two String fields and one Boolean field (Relational databases only)​
model User {
  firstName String
  lastName  String
  email     String  @unique
  isAdmin   Boolean @default(false)

  @@id([firstName, lastName, isAdmin])
}

When creating new User records, you now must provide a unique combination of values for firstName, lastName and isAdmin:

const user = await prisma.user.create({
  data: {
    firstName: "Alice",
    lastName: "Smith",
    isAdmin: true,
  },
});
Specify a multi-field ID that includes a relation field (Relational databases only)​
model Post {
  title     String
  published Boolean @default(false)
  author    User    @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
  authorId  Int

  @@id([authorId, title])
}

model User {
  id    Int     @default(autoincrement())
  email String  @unique
  name  String?
  posts Post[]
}

When creating new Post records, you now must provide a unique combination of values for authorId (foreign key) and title:

const post = await prisma.post.create({
  data: {
    title: "Hello World",
    author: {
      connect: {
        email: "alice@prisma.io",
      },
    },
  },
});

@default​

Defines a default value for a field.

Remarks​

  • Default values that cannot yet be represented in the Prisma schema are represented by the dbgenerated() function when you use introspection.
  • Default values are not allowed on relation fields in the Prisma schema. Note however that you can still define default values on the fields backing a relation (the ones listed in the fields argument in the @relation attribute). A default value on the field backing a relation will mean that relation is populated automatically for you.
  • Default values can be used with scalar lists in databases that natively support them.
Relational databases​
  • Corresponding database construct: DEFAULT
  • Default values can be a static value (4, "hello") or one of the following functions:
  • Default values that cannot yet be represented in the Prisma schema are represented by the dbgenerated(...) function when you use introspection.
  • Default values are not allowed on relation fields in the Prisma schema. Note however that you can still define default values on the fields backing a relation (the ones listed in the fields argument in the @relation attribute). A default value on the field backing a relation will mean that relation is populated automatically for you.
  • Default values can be used with scalar lists in databases that natively support them.
  • JSON data. Note that JSON needs to be enclosed with double-quotes inside the @default attribute, e.g.: @default("[]"). If you want to provide a JSON object, you need to enclose it with double-quotes and then escape any internal double quotes using a backslash, e.g.: @default("{ \"hello\": \"world\" }").
MongoDB​
  • Default values can be a static value (4, "hello") or one of the following functions:

Arguments​

NameRequiredTypeDescription
valueYesAn expression (e.g. 5, true, now())
mapNoStringSQL Server only.

The name of the value argument on the @default attribute can be omitted:

id Int @id @default(value: autoincrement())
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())

Signature​

@default(_ value: Expression, map: String?)

Note: Until version 3.0.0, the signature was:

@default(_ value: Expression)

Examples​

Default value for an Int​
model User {
  email        String @unique
  profileViews Int    @default(0)
}
Default value for a Float​
model User {
  email  String @unique
  number Float  @default(1.1)
}
Default value for Decimal​
model User {
  email  String  @unique
  number Decimal @default(22.99)
}
Default value for BigInt​
model User {
  email  String @unique
  number BigInt @default(34534535435353)
}
Default value for a String​
model User {
  email String @unique
  name  String @default("")
}
Default value for a Boolean​
model User {
  email   String  @unique
  isAdmin Boolean @default(false)
}
Default value for a DateTime​

Note that static default values for DateTime are based on the ISO 8601 standard.

model User {
  email String   @unique
  data  DateTime @default("2020-03-19T14:21:00+02:00")
}
Default value for a Bytes​
model User {
  email  String @unique
  secret Bytes  @default("SGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=")
}
Default value for an enum​
enum Role {
  USER
  ADMIN
}
model User {
  id      Int      @id @default(autoincrement())
  email   String   @unique
  name    String?
  role    Role     @default(USER)
  posts   Post[]
  profile Profile?
}
Default values for scalar lists​
model User {
  id             Int      @id @default(autoincrement())
  posts          Post[]
  favoriteColors String[] @default(["red", "yellow", "purple"])
  roles          Role[]   @default([USER, DEVELOPER])
}

enum Role {
  USER
  DEVELOPER
  ADMIN
}

@unique​

Defines a unique constraint for this field.

Remarks​

General​
  • A field annotated with @unique can be optional or required
  • A field annotated with @unique must be required if it represents the only unique constraint on a model without an @id / @@id
  • A model can have any number of unique constraints
  • Can be defined on any scalar field
  • Cannot be defined on a relation field
Relational databases​
  • Corresponding database construct: UNIQUE
  • NULL values are considered to be distinct (multiple rows with NULL values in the same column are allowed)
  • Adding a unique constraint automatically adds a corresponding unique index to the specified column(s).
MongoDB​

Arguments​

NameRequiredTypeDescription
mapNoString
lengthNonumberAllows you to specify a maximum length for the subpart of the value to be indexed.

MySQL only. In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
sortNoStringAllows you to specify in what order the entries of the constraint are stored in the database. The available options are Asc and Desc.

In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
clusteredNoBooleanDefines whether the constraint is clustered or non-clustered. Defaults to false.

SQL Server only. In preview in versions 3.13.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
  • ¹ Can be required by some of the index and field types.

Signature​

@unique(map: String?, length: number?, sort: String?)

Note: Before version 4.0.0, or 3.5.0 with the extendedIndexes Preview feature enabled, the signature was:

@unique(map: String?)

Note: Before version 3.0.0, the signature was:

@unique

Examples​

Specify a unique attribute on a required String field​
model User {
  email String @unique
  name  String
}
Specify a unique attribute on an optional String field​
model User {
  id    Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  email String? @unique
  name  String
}
Specify a unique attribute on relation scalar field authorId​
model Post {
  author    User    @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
  authorId  Int     @unique
  title     String
  published Boolean @default(false)
}

model User {
  id    Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  email String? @unique
  name  String
  Post  Post[]
}
Specify a unique attribute with cuid() values as default values​
model User {
  token String @unique @default(cuid())
  name  String
}

@@unique​

Defines a compound unique constraint for the specified fields.

Remarks​

General​

  • All fields that make up the unique constraint must be mandatory fields. The following model is not valid because id could be null:

    model User {
      firstname Int
      lastname  Int
      id        Int?

      @@unique([firstname, lastname, id])
    }

    The reason for this behavior is that all connectors consider null values to be distinct, which means that two rows that look identical are considered unique:

     firstname  | lastname | id
     -----------+----------+------
     John       | Smith    | null
     John       | Smith    | null

  • A model can have any number of @@unique blocks

Relational databases​
  • Corresponding database construct: UNIQUE
  • A @@unique block is required if it represents the only unique constraint on a model without an @id / @@id
  • Adding a unique constraint automatically adds a corresponding unique index to the specified column(s)
MongoDB​
  • Enforced by a compound index in MongoDB
  • A @@unique block cannot be used as the only unique identifier for a model - MongoDB requires an @id field

Arguments​

NameRequiredTypeDescription
fieldsYesFieldReference[]A list of field names - for example, ["firstname", "lastname"]. Fields must be mandatory - see remarks.
nameNoStringThe name of the unique combination of fields - defaults to fieldName1_fieldName2_fieldName3
mapNoString
lengthNonumberAllows you to specify a maximum length for the subpart of the value to be indexed.

MySQL only. In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
sortNoStringAllows you to specify in what order the entries of the constraint are stored in the database. The available options are Asc and Desc.

In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
clusteredNoBooleanDefines whether the constraint is clustered or non-clustered. Defaults to false.

SQL Server only. In preview in versions 3.13.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.

The name of the fields argument on the @@unique attribute can be omitted:

@@unique(fields: [title, author])
@@unique([title, author])
@@unique(fields: [title, author], name: "titleAuthor")

The length and sort arguments are added to the relevant field names:

@@unique(fields: [title(length:10), author])
@@unique([title(sort: Desc), author(sort: Asc)])

Signature​

@@unique(_ fields: FieldReference[], name: String?, map: String?)

Note: Before version 4.0.0, or before version 3.5.0 with the extendedIndexes Preview feature enabled, the signature was:

@@unique(_ fields: FieldReference[], name: String?, map: String?)

Note: Before version 3.0.0, the signature was:

@@unique(_ fields: FieldReference[], name: String?)

Examples​

Specify a multi-field unique attribute on two String fields​
model User {
  id        Int     @default(autoincrement())
  firstName String
  lastName  String
  isAdmin   Boolean @default(false)

  @@unique([firstName, lastName])
}

To retrieve a user, use the generated field name (firstname_lastname):

const user = await prisma.user.findUnique({
  where: {
    firstName_lastName: {
      firstName: "Alice",
      lastName: "Smith",
      isAdmin: true,
    },
  },
});
Specify a multi-field unique attribute on two String fields and one Boolean field​
model User {
  id        Int     @default(autoincrement())
  firstName String
  lastName  String
  isAdmin   Boolean @default(false)

  @@unique([firstName, lastName, isAdmin])
}
Specify a multi-field unique attribute that includes a relation field​
model Post {
  id        Int     @default(autoincrement())
  author    User    @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
  authorId  Int
  title     String
  published Boolean @default(false)

  @@unique([authorId, title])
}

model User {
  id    Int    @id @default(autoincrement())
  email String @unique
  posts Post[]
}
Specify a custom name for a multi-field unique attribute​
model User {
  id        Int     @default(autoincrement())
  firstName String
  lastName  String
  isAdmin   Boolean @default(false)

  @@unique(fields: [firstName, lastName, isAdmin], name: "admin_identifier")
}

To retrieve a user, use the custom field name (admin_identifier):

const user = await prisma.user.findUnique({
  where: {
    admin_identifier: {
      firstName: "Alice",
      lastName: "Smith",
      isAdmin: true,
    },
  },
});

@@index​

Defines an index in the database.

Remarks​

Relational databases​
  • Corresponding database construct: INDEX
  • There are some additional index configuration options that cannot be provided via the Prisma schema yet. These include:
    • PostgreSQL and CockroachDB:
      • Define index fields as expressions (e.g. CREATE INDEX title ON public."Post"((lower(title)) text_ops);)
      • Define partial indexes with WHERE
      • Create indexes concurrently with CONCURRENTLY
info

While you cannot configure these option in your Prisma schema, you can still configure them on the database-level directly.

MongoDB​

Arguments​

NameRequiredTypeDescription
fieldsYesFieldReference[]A list of field names - for example, ["firstname", "lastname"]
nameNoStringThe name that Prisma Client will expose for the argument covering all fields, e.g. fullName in fullName: { firstName: "First", lastName: "Last"}
mapNomapThe name of the index in the underlying database (Prisma generates an index name that respects identifier length limits if you do not specify a name. Prisma uses the following naming convention: tablename.field1_field2_field3_unique)
lengthNonumberAllows you to specify a maximum length for the subpart of the value to be indexed.

MySQL only. In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
sortNoStringAllows you to specify in what order the entries of the index or constraint are stored in the database. The available options are asc and desc.

In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
clusteredNoBooleanDefines whether the index is clustered or non-clustered. Defaults to false.

SQL Server only. In preview in versions 3.5.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
typeNoidentifierAllows you to specify an index access method. Defaults to BTree.

PostgreSQL and CockroachDB only. In preview with the Hash index access method in versions 3.6.0 and later, and with the Gist, Gin, SpGist and Brin methods added in 3.14.0. In general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.
opsNoidentifier or a functionAllows you to define the index operators for certain index types.

PostgreSQL only. In preview in versions 3.14.0 and later, and in general availability in versions 4.0.0 and later.

The name of the fields argument on the @@index attribute can be omitted:

@@index(fields: [title, author])
@@index([title, author])

The length and sort arguments are added to the relevant field names:

@@index(fields: [title(length:10), author])
@@index([title(sort: Asc), author(sort: Desc)])

Signature​

@@index(_ fields: FieldReference[], map: String?)

Note: Until version 3.0.0, the signature was:

@@index(_ fields: FieldReference[], name: String?)

The old name argument will still be accepted to avoid a breaking change.

Examples​

Assume you want to add an index for the title field of the Post model

Define a single-column index (Relational databases only)​
model Post {
  id      Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  title   String
  content String?

  @@index([title])
}
Define a multi-column index (Relational databases only)​
model Post {
  id      Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  title   String
  content String?

  @@index([title, content])
}
Define an index with a name (Relational databases only)​
model Post {
  id      Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  title   String
  content String?

  @@index(fields: [title, content], name: "main_index")
}
Define an index on a composite type field (Relational databases only)​
type Address {
  street String
  number Int
}

model User {
  id      Int     @id
  email   String
  address Address

  @@index([address.number])
}

@relation​

Defines meta information about the relation. Learn more.

Remarks​

Relational databases​
  • Corresponding database constructs: FOREIGN KEY / REFERENCES
MongoDB​
  • If your model's primary key is of type ObjectId in the underlying database, both the primary key and the foreign key must have the @db.ObjectId attribute

Arguments​

NameTypeRequiredDescriptionExample
nameStringSometimes (e.g. to disambiguate a relation)Defines the name of the relationship. In an m-n-relation, it also determines the name of the underlying relation table."CategoryOnPost", "MyRelation"
fieldsFieldReference[]On annotated relation fieldsA list of fields of the current model["authorId"], ["authorFirstName, authorLastName"]
referencesFieldReference[]On annotated relation fieldsA list of fields of the model on the other side of the relation["id"], ["firstName, lastName"]
mapStringNoDefines a custom name for the foreign key in the database.["id"], ["firstName, lastName"]
onUpdateEnum. See Types of referential actions for values.NoDefines the referential action to perform when a referenced entry in the referenced model is being updated.Cascade, NoAction
onDeleteEnum. See Types of referential actions for values.NoDefines the referential action to perform when a referenced entry in the referenced model is being deleted.Cascade, NoAction

The name of the name argument on the @relation attribute can be omitted (references is required):

@relation(name: "UserOnPost", references: [id])
@relation("UserOnPost", references: [id])

// or

@relation(name: "UserOnPost")
@relation("UserOnPost")

Signature​

@relation(_ name: String?, fields: FieldReference[]?, references: FieldReference[]?, onDelete: ReferentialAction?, onUpdate: ReferentialAction?, map: String?)

With SQLite, the signature changes to:

@relation(_ name: String?, fields: FieldReference[]?, references: FieldReference[]?, onDelete: ReferentialAction?, onUpdate: ReferentialAction?)

Note: Until version 3.0.0, the signature was:

@relation(_ name: String?, fields: FieldReference[]?, references: FieldReference[]?)

Examples​

See: The @relation attribute.

@map​

Maps a field name or enum value from the Prisma schema to a column or document field with a different name in the database. If you do not use @map, the Prisma field name matches the column name or document field name exactly.

See Using custom model and field names to see how @map and @@map changes the generated Prisma Client.

Remarks​

General​
MongoDB​

Your @id field must include @map("_id"). For example:

model User {
  id String @default(auto()) @map("_id") @db.ObjectId
}

Arguments​

NameTypeRequiredDescriptionExample
nameStringYesThe database column (relational databases) or document field (MongoDB) name."comments", "someFieldName"

The name of the name argument on the @map attribute can be omitted:

@map(name: "is_admin")
@map("users")

Signature​

@map(_ name: String)

Examples​

Map the firstName field to a column called first_name​
model User {
  id        Int    @id @default(autoincrement())
  firstName String @map("first_name")
}

The generated client:

await prisma.user.create({
  data: {
    firstName: "Yewande", // first_name --> firstName
  },
});
Map an enum named ADMIN to a database enum named admin​
enum Role {
  ADMIN    @map("admin")
  CUSTOMER
}

@@map​

Maps the Prisma schema model name to a table (relational databases) or collection (MongoDB) with a different name, or an enum name to a different underlying enum in the database. If you do not use @@map, the model name matches the table (relational databases) or collection (MongoDB) name exactly.

See Using custom model and field names to see how @map and @@map changes the generated Prisma Client.

Arguments​

NameTypeRequiredDescriptionExample
nameStringYesThe database table (relational databases) or collection (MongoDB) name."comments", "someTableOrCollectionName"

The name of the name argument on the @@map attribute can be omitted

@@map(name: "users")
@@map("users")

Signature​

@@map(_ name: String)

Examples​

Map the User model to a database table/collection named users​
model User {
  id   Int    @id @default(autoincrement())
  name String

  @@map("users")
}

The generated client:

await prisma.user.create({
  // users --> user
  data: {
    name: "Yewande",
  },
});
Map the Role enum to a native enum in the database named _Role its values to lowercase values in the database​
enum Role {
  ADMIN    @map("admin")
  CUSTOMER @map("customer")

  @@map("_Role")
}

@updatedAt​

Automatically stores the time when a record was last updated. If you do not supply a time yourself, Prisma Client will automatically set the value for fields with this attribute.

Remarks​

  • Compatible with DateTime fields
  • Implemented at Prisma ORM level
warning

In versions before 4.4.0, if you're also using now(), the time might differ from the @updatedAt values if your database and app have different time zones. This happens because @updatedAt operates at the Prisma ORM level, while now() operates at the database level.

note

If you pass an empty update clause, the @updatedAt value will remain unchanged. For example:

await prisma.user.update({
  where: {
    id: 1,
  },
  data: {}, //<- Empty update clause
});

Arguments​

N/A

Signature​

@updatedAt

Examples​

model Post {
  id        String   @id
  updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt
}

@ignore​

Add @ignore to a field that you want to exclude from Prisma Client (for example, a field that you do not want Prisma Client users to update). Ignored fields are excluded from the generated Prisma Client. The model's create method is disabled when doing this for required fields with no @default (because the database cannot create an entry without that data).

Remarks​

  • In 2.17.0 and later, Prisma ORM automatically adds @ignore to fields that refer to invalid models when you introspect.

Examples​

The following example demonstrates manually adding @ignore to exclude the email field from Prisma Client:

schema.prisma
model User {
  id    Int    @id
  name  String
  email String @ignore // this field will be excluded
}

@@ignore​

Add @@ignore to a model that you want to exclude from Prisma Client (for example, a model that you do not want Prisma users to update). Ignored models are excluded from the generated Prisma Client.

Remarks​

  • In 2.17.0 and later, Prisma ORM adds @@ignore to an invalid model. (It also adds @ignore to relations pointing to such a model)

Examples​

In the following example, the Post model is invalid because it does not have a unique identifier. Use @@ignore to exclude it from the generated Prisma Client API:

schema.prisma
/// The underlying table does not contain a valid unique identifier and can therefore currently not be handled by Prisma Client.
model Post {
  id       Int  @default(autoincrement()) // no unique identifier
  author   User @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
  authorId Int

  @@ignore
}

In the following example, the Post model is invalid because it does not have a unique identifier, and the posts relation field on User is invalid because it refers to the invalid Post model. Use @@ignore on the Post model and @ignore on the posts relation field in User to exclude both the model and the relation field from the generated Prisma Client API:

schema.prisma
/// The underlying table does not contain a valid unique identifier and can therefore currently not be handled by Prisma Client.
model Post {
  id       Int  @default(autoincrement()) // no unique identifier
  author   User @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id])
  authorId Int

  @@ignore
}

model User {
  id    Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  name  String?
  posts Post[]  @ignore
}

@@schema​

Add @@schema to a model to specify which schema in your database should contain the table associated with that model. Learn more about adding multiple schema's here.

note

Multiple database schema support is only available with the PostgreSQL, CockroachDB, and SQL Server connectors.

Arguments​

NameTypeRequiredDescriptionExample
nameStringYesThe name of the database schema."base", "auth"

The name of the name argument on the @@schema attribute can be omitted

@@schema(name: "auth")
@@schema("auth")

Signature​

@@schema(_ name: String)

Examples​

Map the User model to a database schema named auth​
generator client {
  provider        = "prisma-client-js"
}

datasource db {
  provider = "postgresql"
  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
  schemas  = ["auth"]
}

model User {
  id   Int    @id @default(autoincrement())
  name String

  @@schema("auth")
}
info

For more information about using the multiSchema feature, refer to this guide.

@shardKey​

note

This features requires the shardKeys Preview feature flag on your generator:

generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client-js"
  output = "../generated/prisma"
  previewFeatures = ["shardKeys"]
}

The @shardKey attribute is only compatible with PlanetScale databases. It enables you define a shard key on a field of your model:

model User {
  id     String @default(uuid())
  region String @shardKey
}

@@shardKey​

note

This features requires the shardKeys Preview feature flag on your generator:

generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client-js"
  output = "../generated/prisma"
  previewFeatures = ["shardKeys"]
}

The @shardKey attribute is only compatible with PlanetScale databases. It enables you define a shard key on multiple fields of your model:

model User {
  id         String @default(uuid())
  country    String
  customerId String
  @@shardKey([country, customerId])
}

Attribute functions​

auto()​

warning
This function is available on MongoDB only.

Represents default values that are automatically generated by the database.

Remarks​

MongoDB​

Used to generate an ObjectId for @id fields:

id  String  @map("_id") @db.ObjectId @default(auto())
Relational databases​

The auto() function is not available on relational databases.

Example​

Generate ObjectId (MongoDB only)​
model User {
  id   String  @id @default(auto()) @map("_id") @db.ObjectId
  name String?
}

autoincrement()​

warning

Not supported by MongoDB
The MongoDB connector does not support the autoincrement() function.

Create a sequence of integers in the underlying database and assign the incremented values to the ID values of the created records based on the sequence.

Remarks​

  • Compatible with Int on most databases (BigInt on CockroachDB)

  • Implemented on the database-level, meaning that it manifests in the database schema and can be recognized through introspection. Database implementations:

    DatabaseImplementation
    PostgreSQLSERIAL type
    MySQLAUTO_INCREMENT attribute
    SQLiteAUTOINCREMENT keyword
    CockroachDBSERIAL type

Examples​

Generate autoincrementing integers as IDs (Relational databases only)​
model User {
  id   Int    @id @default(autoincrement())
  name String
}

sequence()​

info

Only supported by CockroachDB
The sequence function is only supported by CockroachDB connector.

Create a sequence of integers in the underlying database and assign the incremented values to the values of the created records based on the sequence.

Optional arguments​

ArgumentExample
virtual@default(sequence(virtual))
Virtual sequences are sequences that do not generate monotonically increasing values and instead produce values like those generated by the built-in function unique_rowid().
cache@default(sequence(cache: 20))
The number of sequence values to cache in memory for reuse in the session. A cache size of 1 means that there is no cache, and cache sizes of less than 1 are not valid.
increment@default(sequence(increment: 4))
The new value by which the sequence is incremented. A negative number creates a descending sequence. A positive number creates an ascending sequence.
minValue@default(sequence(minValue: 10))
The new minimum value of the sequence.
maxValue@default(sequence(maxValue: 3030303))
The new maximum value of the sequence.
start@default(sequence(start: 2))
The value the sequence starts at, if it's restarted or if the sequence hits the maxValue.

Examples​

Generate sequencing integers as IDs​
model User {
  id   Int    @id @default(sequence(maxValue: 4294967295))
  name String
}

cuid()​

Generate a globally unique identifier based on the cuid spec.

If you'd like to use cuid2 values, you can pass 2 as an argument to the cuid function: cuid(2).

Remarks​

  • Compatible with String.
  • Implemented by Prisma ORM and therefore not "visible" in the underlying database schema. You can still use cuid() when using introspection by manually changing your Prisma schema and generating Prisma Client, in that case the values will be generated by Prisma's query engine.
  • Since the length of cuid() output is undefined per the cuid creator, a safe field size is 30 characters, in order to allow for enough characters for very large values. If you set the field size as less than 30, and then a larger value is generated by cuid(), you might see Prisma Client errors such as Error: The provided value for the column is too long for the column's type.
  • For MongoDB: cuid() does not generate a valid ObjectId. You can use @db.ObjectId syntax if you want to use ObjectId in the underlying database. However, you can still use cuid() if your _id field is not of type ObjectId.

Examples​

Generate cuid() values as IDs​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(cuid())
  name String
}
Generate cuid(2) values as IDs based on the cuid2 spec​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(cuid(2))
  name String
}

uuid()​

Generate a globally unique identifier based on the UUID spec. Prisma ORM supports versions 4 (default) and 7.

Remarks​

Examples​

Generate uuid() values as IDs using UUID v4​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(uuid())
  name String
}
Generate uuid(7) values as IDs using UUID v7​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(uuid(7))
  name String
}

ulid()​

Generate a universally unique lexicographically sortable identifier based on the ULID spec.

Remarks​

  • ulid() will produce 128-bit random identifier represented as a 26-character long alphanumeric string, e.g.: 01ARZ3NDEKTSV4RRFFQ69G5FAV

Examples​

Generate ulid() values as IDs​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(ulid())
  name String
}

nanoid()​

Generated values based on the Nano ID spec. nanoid() accepts an integer value between 2 and 255 that specifies the length of the generate ID value, e.g. nanoid(16) will generated ID with 16 characters. If you don't provide a value to the nanoid() function, the default value is 21.

info

Nano ID is quite comparable to UUID v4 (random-based). It has a similar number of random bits in the ID (126 in Nano ID and 122 in UUID), so it has a similar collision probability:

For there to be a one in a billion chance of duplication, 103 trillion version 4 IDs must be generated.

There are two main differences between Nano ID and UUID v4:

  • Nano ID uses a bigger alphabet, so a similar number of random bits are packed in just 21 symbols instead of 36.
  • Nano ID code is 4 times smaller than uuid/v4 package: 130 bytes instead of 423.

Remarks​

  • Compatible with String.
  • Implemented by Prisma ORM and therefore not "visible" in the underlying database schema. You can still use uuid() when using introspection by manually changing your Prisma schema and generating Prisma Client, in that case the values will be generated by Prisma ORM's query engine.
  • For MongoDB: nanoid() does not generate a valid ObjectId. You can use @db.ObjectId syntax if you want to use ObjectId in the underlying database. However, you can still use nanoid() if your _id field is not of type ObjectId.

Examples​

Generate nanoid() values with 21 characters as IDs​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(nanoid())
  name String
}
Generate nanoid() values with 16 characters as IDs​
model User {
  id   String @id @default(nanoid(16))
  name String
}

now()​

Set a timestamp of the time when a record is created.

Remarks​

General​
warning

In versions before 4.4.0, if you're also using @updatedAt, the time might differ from the now() values if your database and app have different time zones. This happens because @updatedAt operates at the Prisma ORM level, while now() operates at the database level.

Relational databases​

  • Implemented on the database-level, meaning that it manifests in the database schema and can be recognized through introspection. Database implementations:

    DatabaseImplementation
    PostgreSQLCURRENT_TIMESTAMP and aliases like now()
    MySQLCURRENT_TIMESTAMP and aliases like now()
    SQLiteCURRENT_TIMESTAMP and aliases like date('now')
    CockroachDBCURRENT_TIMESTAMP and aliases like now()
MongoDB​
  • Implemented at Prisma ORM level

Examples​

Set current timestamp value when a record is created​
model User {
  id        String   @id
  createdAt DateTime @default(now())
}

dbgenerated(...)​

Represents default values that cannot be expressed in the Prisma schema (such as random()).

Remarks​

Relational databases​

  • Compatible with any scalar type

  • Can not be an empty string dbgenerated("") in 2.21.0 and later

  • Accepts a String value in 2.17.0 and later, which allows you to:

  • String values in dbgenerated(...) might not match what the DB returns as the default value, because values such as strings may be explicitly cast (e.g. 'hello'::STRING). When a mismatch is present, Prisma Migrate indicates a migration is still needed. You can use prisma db pull to infer the correct value to resolve the discrepancy. (Related issue)

Examples​

Set default value for Unsupported type​
circle     Unsupported("circle")?   @default(dbgenerated("'<(10,4),11>'::circle"))
Override default value behavior for supported types​

You can also use dbgenerated(...) to set the default value for supported types. For example, in PostgreSQL you can generate UUIDs at the database level rather than rely on Prisma ORM's uuid():

model User {
  id   String  @id @default(dbgenerated("gen_random_uuid()")) @db.Uuid
  id   String  @id @default(uuid()) @db.Uuid
  test String?
}
info

Note: gen_random_uuid() is a PostgreSQL function. To use it in PostgreSQL versions 12.13 and earlier, you must enable the pgcrypto extension.

In Prisma ORM versions 4.5.0 and later, you can declare the pgcrypto extension in your Prisma schema with the postgresqlExtensions preview feature.

Attribute argument types​

FieldReference[]​

An array of field names: [id], [firstName, lastName]

String​

A variable length text in double quotes: "", "Hello World", "Alice"

Expression​

An expression that can be evaluated by Prisma ORM: 42.0, "", Bob, now(), cuid()

enum​

warning

Not supported Microsoft SQL Server
The Microsoft SQL Server connector does not support the enum type.

Defines an enum .

Remarks​

  • Enums are natively supported by PostgreSQL and MySQL
  • Enums are implemented and enforced at Prisma ORM level in SQLite and MongoDB

Naming conventions​

  • Enum names must start with a letter (they are typically spelled in PascalCase)
  • Enums must use the singular form (e.g. Role instead of role, roles or Roles).
  • Must adhere to the following regular expression: [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*

Examples​

Specify an enum with two possible values​

enum Role {
  USER
  ADMIN
}

model User {
  id   Int  @id @default(autoincrement())
  role Role
}

Specify an enum with two possible values and set a default value​

enum Role {
  USER
  ADMIN
}

model User {
  id   Int  @id @default(autoincrement())
  role Role @default(USER)
}

type​

warning

Composite types are available for MongoDB only.

info

Composite types are available in versions 3.12.0 and later, and in versions 3.10.0 and later if you enable the mongodb Preview feature flag.

Defines a composite type .

Naming conventions​

Type names must:

  • start with a letter (they are typically spelled in PascalCase)
  • adhere to the following regular expression: [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*

Examples​

Define a Product model with a list of Photo composite types​

model Product {
  id     String  @id @default(auto()) @map("_id") @db.ObjectId
  name   String
  photos Photo[]
}

type Photo {
  height Int
  width  Int
  url    String
}
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